Summary of variables in the dataset:

RegisterYear

Year of drug registration

ggplot(HumanDrugs) +
    geom_bar(aes(x = RegisterYear, fill = `Legal Status`), 
             position = "dodge", stat = "count")+
  facet_grid(~Drug_Status)+
  theme_minimal()+
scale_fill_manual(values=c("#BE3144", "#113A5D"))

Starting of Saudi company was almost after 90s, the peak in recent years, the presences of covid-19 might affect increasing drug registration especially for non-Saudi drugs.

Public Price

HumanDrugs %>% select(`Public price`) %>% summary()

#ggplot(HumanDrugs) +
   # geom_bar(aes(x = `Public price`, fill = as.factor(`Legal Status`)), 
         #    position = "dodge", stat = "count")

HumanDrugs  %>% filter(`Public price`< 1000,`Distribute area`!="NA" ) %>% 
  ggplot( aes(x = RegisterYear, y = `Public price`, color=`Distribute area`)) + 
 geom_jitter(alpha = 0.7)+
  # geom_ribbon(alpha = 0.3)+
  scale_x_continuous("Register Year", limits = c(1980,2021), expand = c(0,0))+
  facet_grid(~Drug_Status)+
      theme_minimal()+
scale_color_manual(values=c("#BE3144", "#113A5D"))

## Warning: Removed 210 rows containing missing values (geom_point).

in general, higher prices in recent years for hospital distribution,

pleas note that there are 230 missing values in the plot which cover 3% of the data this issue has been solved in the shiny app, which provide scalable price index with ability to navigate the drug for each country.

HumanDrugs  %>% filter(`Public price`< 150,`Distribute area`!="NA" ) %>% 
  ggplot( aes(x  = `Public price`)) + 
  geom_histogram(binwidth = 3, center=5, fill="#113A5D")+
  facet_grid(~Drug_Status)+
  theme_minimal()+
scale_x_continuous("Price", limits = c(1,150), expand = c(0,0))

## Warning: Removed 19 rows containing non-finite values (stat_bin).

## Warning: Removed 4 rows containing missing values (geom_bar).

  #scale_x_continuous("Register Year", limits = c(1980,2021), ex5

more cheaper medications is synthesized

DrugType

almost 2/3 of drugs are generic followed by A New Chemical Entity drugs.

 HumanDrugs  %>% filter(DrugType != "NA") %>% 
  #arrange(desc(DrugType))
ggplot( aes(x = DrugType, fill = Drug_Status)) + 
  geom_bar(position = "dodge")+
  theme_minimal()+
scale_fill_manual(values=c("#BE3144", "#113A5D"))

most common drugs are Generic or NCE, It makes a sense because biological and radiophamaceticals are since these drugs used in serious diseases such as cancer! description of each type

1- A generic drug is a medication that has exactly the same active ingredient as the brand name drug and yields the same therapeutic effect.(1)

2- A New Chemical Entity (NCE) is a drug that does not contain any active moiety that has been approved by FDA with any other application. The manufacturers of an innovator drug generally develop a NCE during the early development stage of the product cycle. The NCE, then, undergoes various clinical trials in order to transform into a drug product(2).

3- Biological drugs (commonly referred to as ‘biologics’ or ‘biopharmaceuticals’) are drugs produced through biological processes. They currently target diseases which, hitherto, had very limited or no available treatment options – including several types of cancers, autoim- mune diseases and other non-communicable diseases(3).

4- Radiopharmaceuticals are radioactive chemicals or pharmaceutic preparations, labeled with a radionuclide in tracer or therapeutic concentration (4).

Comparing Drug type against price

ADMINSTRATION ROUTE

 HumanDrugs%>% filter(AdministrationRoute %in%  ROA10) %>% 
  
ggplot( aes(x = AdministrationRoute, fill = Drug_Status)) + 
  geom_bar(position = position_dodge(width = 0.2)) +
 scale_fill_brewer(palette = "Paired")+
theme_minimal()

finding our focus

Saudi manufacturer focus more on oral drugs followed by Iv drugs but then what kind of iv drug provided?

sdrugs%>% filter ( AdministrationRoute =="Intravenous") %>% group_by (`Scientific Name`) %>% 
  summarise(`Trade Name` = n()) %>% arrange(desc(`Trade Name`))%>% 
  head(10)%>% knitr::kable()

ok, thats what I expect, manufacturer focus really on basic treatment which is may not be spesifc to any disease we have also import top 3 from other countries. let us try on oral medications

sdrugs%>% filter ( AdministrationRoute =="Oral") %>% group_by (`Scientific Name`) %>% 
  summarise(`Trade Name` = n()) %>% arrange(desc(`Trade Name`))%>% head(10) %>% knitr::kable()

This is gives us better idea than IV drugs pregablin in the top Pregablin in last 5 years this drug has been added to controlled drugs beacuse they found that it cause addiction. Many patients still addict to this medication. so it is consumer need! MONTELUKAST used as prophylaxis and chronic treatment of asthma and Allergic or Perennial Rhinitis which is expected because of our dusty weather Tadalfil & SILDENAFIL used in pulmonary hypertension and impotence Levetiracetam is anti-epliptic OLANZAPINE $ QUETIAPINE FUMARATE is anti-psychiatric medications. they can be overuse Glimepiride, finally we got is an anti-diabetic medication! Honestly, I was expected antidiapetic & antihypertensive medication to be in the top.

HumanDrugs$`Scientific Name` = tolower(HumanDrugs$`Scientific Name`)


HumanDrugs %>% distinct(`Scientific Name`)->dis_Human_drugs

Finding oral exclusive:

sdrugs%>% filter ( AdministrationRoute =="Oral") %>% select (AtcCode1,`Scientific Name`,`Drug_Status`) ->oral_SATC

nosdrugs%>% filter ( AdministrationRoute =="Oral") %>% select (AtcCode1,`Scientific Name`,`Drug_Status`) ->oral_No_SATC

oral_SATC %>% 
  anti_join(oral_No_SATC, by = "Scientific Name") ->anti_for_oralsat
anti_for_oralsat %>% distinct(`Scientific Name`)-> d_anti_for_oralsat

sdrugs%>% filter ( AdministrationRoute =="Intramuscular") %>% group_by (`Scientific Name`) %>% 
  summarise(`Trade Name` = n()) %>% arrange(desc(`Trade Name`))%>% 
  head(10)%>% 
  
  knitr::kable()

sdrugs%>% filter ( AdministrationRoute =="Intravenous") %>% group_by (`Scientific Name`) %>% 
  summarise(`Trade Name` = n()) %>% arrange(desc(`Trade Name`))%>% 
  head(10)%>% knitr::kable()

Manufacturer Country

top 10 Manufacturer Countries

HumanDrugs %>% count(`Manufacture Country`, sort=T) %>% head(10)

## # A tibble: 10 x 2
##    `Manufacture Country`     n
##    <chr>                 <int>
##  1 Saudi Arabia           2315
##  2 Jordan                  629
##  3 Germany                 562
##  4 United States           452
##  5 United Arab Emirates    319
##  6 United Kingdom          317
##  7 France                  290
##  8 Italy                   287
##  9 India                   268
## 10 Switzerland             238

#%>% 
#ggplot(aes(x = `Manufacture Country`)) +
           # geom_bar(  position = "dodge", stat = "count")

  ggplot(HumanDrugs, aes(x =shelfLife)) +
    geom_density() +
   scale_x_continuous("Shelf Life", limits = c(10,80), expand = c(0,0))

## Warning: Removed 10 rows containing non-finite values (stat_density).

Top 10 Highly consumed Drugs

many trade drugs for same generic drugs means that is highly consumed

HumanDrugs%>% group_by (`Scientific Name`) %>%
  summarise(`Trade Name` = n()) %>% arrange(desc(`Trade Name`))%>% head(10) %>% knitr::kable()

Sodium Chloride Normal saline, it is widely used in the hospitals which make a sense that is the most common one

DExtrose Also widly used, it is simple sugar, so mainly used for Hypoglycemia, it is used along with Sodium clorde

Paracetamol & diclofinac both are pain killers, both are widely used inside and outside hospitals, both have oral form, In general, Diclofinac is available also as intermuscular which make it prefered mild to moderate pain killer in the ER rather than parecetamol (IV) which may take longer time.

amoxicillins&clavunic acid β-lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics), it has wide antibactrial spectrum covering & it taken orally, generally it can treat: : Ear, Nose, & Throat Infections,Genitourinary Tract Infections,Skin & Skin Structure Infections,Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

QUETIAPINE it is used for psychiatric disorders such as: Major Depressive Disorder, Schizophrenia,Bipolar I Disorder & insomnia

CIPROFLOXACIN Fluoroquinolones antibiotics, unlike amoxicillin which is available only in oral dose, cipro also has IV form which make it suitable for inpatients hospitals, it covers lower respiratory tract infections such as Pneumonia, urinary tract infections (UTI), bone & skin infection.

MONTELUKAST SODIUM it is used as prophylaxis and chronic treatment of asthma and Allergic or Perennial Rhinitis

Pregabalin Antiepileptic Agent Useful for Neuropathic Pain, it has also anticonvulsant, analgesic, and anxiolytic properties. in last 5 years this drug has been added to controlled drugs beacuse they found that it cause addiction.Many patients still addict to this medication. so it is consumer need!

What are the top 10 registered priced drugs?

HumanDrugs %>% select(`Public price`,`Scientific Name`,`DrugType`,`RegisterYear`,`Manufacture Country`,`AdministrationRoute`) %>% arrange(desc(`Public price`)) %>% head(10)  %>% knitr::kable()

Voretigene Neparvovec is an adeno-associated viral gene therapy used to treat biallelic RPE65 mutation associated retinal dystrophy it is subretinal injection. FDA aprroved in 2017

Tisagenlecleucelsold under the brand name Kymriah, is a medication for the treatment of B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) which uses the body’s own T cells to fight cancer (adoptive cell transfer).Acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children is more common than other types of cancer

NUSINERSEN used in treating spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a rare neuromuscular disorder.In December 2016, it became the first approved drug used in treating this disorder.

ELIGLUSTAT used for the long-term treatment of Gaucher disease type 1

CATRIDECACOG indicated in patients with a rare clotting disorder, congenital factor XIII A-subunit deficiency, which is a kind of Factor XIII deficiency. The drug prevents bleeding in patients with this condition, and has been approved FDA in 2014.

LAROTRECTINIB is for adults and children with solid tumors that test positive for NTRK genes, which can help cancerous tumors grow. Tumors with this type of genetic change are not common but can be found in cancers of the salivary gland, thyroid, lung, and soft tissue sarcoma

GRAZOPREVIR Antiviral drug for choroinc heptits c infection, hepatitis C protease inhibitor.

IPILIMUMAB

ERDAFITINIB

Lanadelumab

####
# Make a color palette called pal for the values of `Distribution area` using `colorFactor()`  
pal <- colorFactor(palette = c("#A9333A", "#000D6B"), 
                   levels = c("Hospital", "Pharmacy"))

# Add circle markers that color colleges using pal() and the values of sector_label

leaflet(top_price) %>% 
  addProviderTiles(provider = "CartoDB") %>% 
  addCircles(lng = ~longitude, lat = ~latitude) %>% 
  clearBounds() %>% 
  clearMarkers()%>%
  
 # addMarkers(data = top_price) %>%
  #my_Map %>%

  addCircleMarkers(data = top_price, radius = 5, 
                   color = ~pal(`Distribute area`), 
                   label = ~paste0(`Trade Name`,"(price=",`Public price`,"SR)" )) %>% 
  addLegend(position="bottomright", pal = pal,title = "Distribution area " ,
            values = c("Hospital", "Pharmacy"))

## Assuming "longitude" and "latitude" are longitude and latitude, respectively

what are suspended drugs

 HumanDrugs %>% filter (`Authorization Status`=="Suspended")%>% select(`Scientific Name`, `Manufacture Country`,RegisterYear,`Legal Status`) %>% knitr::kable()